Until the adoption of the Eighteenth Amendment, the Constitution of
the United States retained the character which properly belongs to the
organic law of a great Federal Republic. The matters with which it
dealt were of three kinds, and three only--the division of powers as
between the Federal and the State governments, the structure of the
Federal government itself, and the safeguarding of the fundamental
rights of American citizens. These were things that it was felt
essential to remove from the vicissitudes attendant upon the temper of
the majority at given time. There was not to be any doubt from year to
year as to the limits of Federal power on the one hand and State power
on the other; nor as to the structure of the Federal government and
the respective functions of the legislative, executive, and judicial
departments of that government; nor as to the preservation of certain
fundamental rights pertaining to life, liberty and property.

That these things, once laid down in the organic law of the country,
should not be subject to disturbance except by the extraordinary and
difficult process of amendment prescribed by the Constitution was the
dictate of the highest political wisdom; and it was only because of
the manifest wisdom upon which it was based that the Constitution, in
spite of many trials and drawbacks, commanded, during nearly a century
and a half of momentous history, the respect and devotion of
generation after generation of American citizens. Although the
Constitution of the United States has been pronounced by an
illustrious British statesman the most wonderful work ever struck off
at a given time by the brain and purpose of man, it would be not only
folly, but superstition, to regard it as perfect. It has been amended
in the past, and will need to be amended in the future. The Income Tax
Amendment enlarged the power of the Federal government in the field of
taxation, and to that extent encroached upon a domain theretofore