into between the offending power and all other powers signatory and
adherent to this convention.

"C

"A breach of the covenant and guaranty declared in Article A shall
constitute an act unfriendly to all other powers signatory and
adherent hereto, and they shall forthwith sever all diplomatic,
consular, and official relations with the offending power, and shall,
through the International Council, hereinafter provided for, exchange
views as to the measures necessary to restore the power, whose
sovereignty has been invaded, to the rights and liberties which it
possessed prior to such invasion and to prevent further
violation thereof.

"D

"Any interference with a vessel on the high seas or with aircraft
proceeding over the high seas, which interference is not
affirmatively sanctioned by the law of nations shall be, for the
purposes of this convention, considered an impairment of political
independence."

In considering the foregoing series of articles constituting a guaranty
against one's own acts, instead of a guaranty against the acts of
another, it must be remembered that, at the time of their preparation, I
had not seen a draft of the President's proposed guaranty, though from
conversations with Colonel House and from my study of Point XIV of "The
Fourteen Points," I knew that it was affirmative rather than negative in
form and would require positive action to be effective in the event that