the community, they could not listen to financial reports and vote taxes,
as they do in the town and the village. Hence it would be necessary to
endow the council with increased powers, including the power to levy taxes
without the direct authorization of the people.

The expenses for public improvements, for waterworks, sewers,
street-lighting, etc., may take more money than it would be prudent to
assess upon the community for immediate payment. In this case it would be
desirable for the community to have the power to issue bonds.

Again, with increase in population there is an increase in the number of
disputes over private rights, and temptations to crime become more
numerous. Hence the need of one or more courts having jurisdiction greater
than that possessed by justices of the peace. The conditions necessitate
also an increase in the number and the efficiency of the police. And to
render the police efficient it is necessary that they be under the
direction of one man, the same one who is responsible for the carrying out
of the ordinances of the council, namely, the mayor.

A community organized to comply with the foregoing requirements--divided
into wards, having a council made up of aldermen from those wards, having
a council authorized to levy taxes at its discretion, having a municipal
court, having regularly employed police acting under the direction of the
mayor--is a city, as the term is generally used in the United States.

Another reason for establishing a city government is frequently potent,
although unmentioned. The pride of the community can be thereby indulged,
and more citizens can have their ambition to hold public office gratified.

How Organized.--A city may be organized under general law or special