files and preserves the papers in each case. He has also certain
incidental duties.

Court Commissioner.--Court is not always in session, and there are certain
powers possessed by a judge "in chambers," that is, which the judge may
exercise out of court. For instance, he may grant a writ of attachment or
of _habeas corpus_. Where a judicial district comprises several counties,
as is usually the case, a provision is made in some states for an officer
in each county authorized to perform such duties in the absence of the
judge. In Minnesota and most other states he is called the court
commissioner.

Election and Term.--The county officers are in most sections of the
country elected by the people of the county. The term is usually two
years.

Removals and Vacancies.--Provision is made for the removal of any county
officer for non-feasance or malfeasance in office. The power to remove is
generally vested in the governor. The accused must be given an opportunity
to be "heard in his own defense." Vacancies are generally filled by the
county commissioners. They appoint some one, not one of themselves, to
serve until the next election.

Qualifying.--Each officer before assuming the duties of his office takes
the official oath. All of the officers except the commissioners and the
superintendent of schools are required to give bonds. Copies of these
bonds are preserved by the register of deeds, and the originals are
forwarded to the secretary of state.

Compensation.--Compensation is usually by salary or by fees. The matter is