and creating necessity for one entrance to several tenements,
are nowhere permitted. In streets devoted to business, where the
tradespeople require a place of mart or shop, the houses are four
stories high, and in some of the western streets where the houses are
separate, three and four storied buildings are erected; but on the
whole it is found bad to exceed this range, and as each story is
limited to 15 feet, no house is higher than 60 feet.

The substratum of the city is of two kinds. At its northern and
highest part, there is clay; at its southern and south-eastern,
gravel. Whatever disadvantages might spring in other places from a
retention of water on a clay soil, is here met by the plan that is
universally followed, of building every house on arches of solid
brickwork. So, where in other towns there are areas, and kitchens, and
servants' offices, there are here subways through which the air flows
freely, and down the inclines of which all currents of water are
carried away.

The acreage of our model city allows room for three wide main streets
or boulevards, which run from east to west, and which are the main
thoroughfares. Beneath each of these is a railway along which the
heavy traffic of the city is carried on. The streets from north to
south which cross the main thoroughfares at right angles, and the
minor streets which run parallel, are all wide, and, owing to the
lowness of the houses, are thoroughly ventilated, and in the day are
filled with sunlight. They are planted on each side of the pathways
with trees, and in many places with shrubs and evergreens. All the
interspaces between the backs of houses are gardens. The churches,
hospitals, theatres, banks, lecture-rooms, and other public buildings,
as well as some private buildings such as warehouses and stables,