all parts of equal and concurrent force and obligation between the
two Governments, and to all intents and purposes as if embraced in one
instrument.

The principal treaty, of which the ratifications were exchanged August
16, 1859, recites that "the United States of America and the Ta Tsing
Empire, desiring to maintain firm, lasting, and sincere friendship,
have resolved to renew, in a manner clear and positive, by means of a
treaty or general convention of peace, amity, and commerce, the rules
which shall in future be mutually observed in the intercourse of their
respective countries," and proceeds in its thirty articles to lay out
a careful and comprehensive system for the commercial relations of our
people with China. The main substance of all the provisions of this
treaty is to define and secure the rights of our people in respect
of access to, residence and protection in, and trade with China. The
actual provisions in our favor in these respects were framed to be,
and have been found to be, adequate and appropriate to the interests
of our commerce, and by the concluding article we receive the
important guaranty that--

Should at any time the Ta Tsing Empire grant to any nation, or the
merchants or citizens of any nation, any right, privilege, or favor,
connected either with navigation, commerce, political or other
intercourse, which is not conferred by this treaty, such right,
privilege, and favor shall at once freely inure to the benefit of
the United States, its public officers, merchants, and citizens.


Against this body of stipulations in our favor and this permanent
engagement of equality in respect of all future concessions to foreign