Treaties concluded between the United States and France have been
repeatedly violated on the part of the French Government, and the
just claims of the United States for reparation of the injuries
so committed have been refused, and their attempts to negotiate an
amicable adjustment of all complaints between the two nations have
been repelled with indignity.


And that--

Under authority of the French Government there is yet pursued against
the United States a system of predatory violence, infracting the said
treaties and hostile to the rights of a free and independent nation.


The enactment, as a logical consequence of these recited facts,
declares--

That the United States are of right freed and exonerated from the
stipulations of the treaties and of the consular convention heretofore
concluded between the United States and France, and that the same
shall not henceforth be regarded as legally obligatory on the
Government or citizens of the United States.


The history of the Government shows no other instance of an abrogation
of a treaty by Congress.

Instances have sometimes occurred where the ordinary legislation