nasal resonator comes into play because the soft palate is not raised at
all and the sound waves produced in the larynx find a free passage through
the nose, while the mouth portion of the resonator is completely closed by
the lips. The sounds thus produced are very telling in the singing voice.

4. _Vibratory Sounds_.--There are three situations in which the consonant r
may be formed, but in the English language it is produced by the vibration
of the tip of the tongue in the constricted portion of the cavity of the
mouth, formed by the tongue and the teeth.

The consonants have been grouped by Hermann as follows:--

| |Labials.|Dentals. |Gutturals.|
|1. Explosives-- | | | |
|a. Without the voice|P |T |K |
|b. With the voice |B |D |G |
|2. Aspirates-- | | | |
|a. Without the voice|F |S (hard), L, Sh,|Ch |
| | |Th (hard) | |
|b. With the voice |V |Z, L, Th, Zh |Y in yes |
| | |(soft) | |
|3. Resonants |M |N |N (nasal) |
|4. Vibratory sounds|Labial R|Lingual R |Guttural R|

H is the sound produced in the larynx by the quick rushing of the air
through the widely opened glottis.

Hermann's classification which I have given is especially valuable as
regards the speaking voice, but Aikin classifies the consonants from the
singing point of view, according to the more or less complete closure of