problem of testimony and belief, which concerns the peculiarly
judicial qualities. To ease the step from ideas to their expression,
to estimate motive and intention, to know and appraise at their
proper value the logical weaknesses and personal foibles of all kinds
and conditions of offenders and witnesses,--to do this in accord
with high standards, requires that men as well as evidence shall be
judged. Allied to this problem which appeals to a large range of
psychological doctrine, there is yet another which appeals to a
yet larger and more intricate range,--that of human character and
condition. Crimes are such complex issues as to demand the systematic
diagnosis of the criminal. Heredity and environment,
associations and standards, initiative and suggestibility, may all
be condoning as well as aggravating factors of what becomes a

``case.'' The peculiar temptations of distinctive periods of life,
the perplexing intrusion of subtle abnormalities, particularly when
of a sexual type, have brought it about that the psychologist has
extended his laboratory procedures to include the study of such
deviation; and thus a common set of findings have an equally pertinent
though a different interest for the theoretical student of
relations and the practitioner. There are, as well, certain special
psychological conditions that may color and quite transform the
interpretation of a situation or a bit of testimony. To distinguish
between hysterical deception and lying, between a superstitious
believer in the reality of an experience and the victim of an
actual hallucination, to detect whether a condition of emotional
excitement or despair is a cause or an effect, is no less a psychological
problem than the more popularly discussed question of compelling
confession of guilt by the analysis of laboratory reactions. It may
well be that judges and lawyers and men of science will continue to