more revolutionary than the Soviets. This third Conference
passed several resolutions, which show clearly enough that
the present position of the Unions has not been brought
about by any violence of the Communists from without, but
was definitely promised by tendencies inside the Unions at a
time when the Communists were probably the least
authoritative party in Russia. This Conference of June,
1917, resolved that the Trades Unions should not only
"remain militant class organizations . . . but . . . should
support the activities of the Soviets of soldiers and
deputies." They thus clearly showed on which side they
stood in the struggle then proceeding. Nor was this all. They
also, though the Mensheviks were still the dominant party,
resolved on that system of internal organizations and
grouping, which has been actually realized under the
Communists. I quote again from the resolution of this Conference:


"The evolution of the economic struggle demands from the
workers such forms of professional organization as, basing
themselves on the connection between various groups of
workers in the process of production, should unite
within a general organization, and under general leadership,
as large masses of workers as possible occupied in
enterprises of the same kind, or in similar professions. With
this object the workers should organize themselves
professionally, not by shops or trades, but by productions, so
that all the workers of a given enterprise should belong to
one Union, even if they belong to different professions and
even different productions." That which was then no more