plant or vegetable prevailed in England." (_Loidis and Elmete_.)

Allowing, then, pipes to have been coeval with the erection of
Kirkstall, we find them to have been used in England about 400 years
before the introduction of tobacco. On the other hand, as Dr. Whitaker
says, we find _no record_ of their being used, or of smoking being
practised; and it is almost inconceivable that our ancestors should have
had such a practice, without any allusion being made to it by any
writers. As to the antiquity of smoking in Ireland, the first of Irish
antiquaries, the learned and respected Dr. Petrie, says:

"The custom of smoking is of much greater antiquity in Ireland
than the introduction of tobacco into Europe. Smoking pipes made
of bronze are frequently found in our Irish _tumuli_, or
sepulchral mounds, of the most remote antiquity; and similar
pipes, made of baked clay, are discovered daily in all parts of
the island. A curious instance of the _bathos_ in sculpture,
which also illustrates the antiquity of this custom, occurs on
the monument of Donogh O'Brien, king of Thomond, who was killed
in 1267, and interred in the Abbey of Corcumrac, in the co. of
Clare, of which his family were the founders. He is represented
in the usual recumbent posture, with the short pipe or _dudeen_
of the Irish in his mouth."

In the _Anthologia Hibernica_ for May 1793, vol. i. p. 352., we have
some remarks on the antiquity of smoking "among the German and Northern
nations," who, the writer says, "were clearly acquainted with, and
cultivated tobacco, which they smoked through wooden and earthen tubes."
He refers to Herod. lib. i. sec. 36.; Strabo, lib. vii. 296.; Pomp. Mela
2, and Solinus, c. 15.