Representative Gaonim:
Achai, Amram, Zemach, Saadiah, Sherira, Samuel, Hai.

VI THE KARAITIC LITERATURE 75

Anan, Nahavendi, Abul-Faraj, Salman, Sahal, al-Bazir,
Hassan, Japhet, Kirkisani, Judah Hadassi, Isaac Troki.

VII THE NEW-HEBREW PIYUT 83

Kalirian and Spanish Piyutim (Poems).--Jannai.--Kalir.

VIII SAADIAH OF FAYUM 91

Translation of the Bible into Arabic.--Foundation of
a Jewish Philosophy of Religion.

IX DAWN OF THE SPANISH ERA 99

Chasdai Ibn Shaprut.--Menachem and Dunash, Chayuj
and Janach.--Samuel the Nagid.

X THE SPANISH-JEWISH POETS (I) 107

Solomon Ibn Gebirol.--"The Royal Crown."--Moses
Ibn Ezra.--Abraham Ibn Ezra.--The Biblical
Commentaries of Ibn Ezra and the Kimchis.

XI RASHI AND ALFASSI 119