government and another, but between nation and nation, between every
individual of the one state with each and every individual of the
other. The subjects of one country are all, and every one of them, the
foes of every subject of the other, and from this principle flow many
important consequences.[8]

[Sidenote: Property of Subjects of Belligerent States in the Enemy's
Country.]

On the commencement of hostilities a natural expectation will arise
that the Property, (if not the Persons) of the Belligerent State,
found in the Enemy's Territory, will become liable to seizure and
confiscation, especially as no declaration or notice of war is now
necessary to legalize hostilities. According to strict authority, the
Persons and Property of Subjects of the Enemy found in the belligerent
state are liable to detention and confiscation; but even on this point
diversity of opinion has arisen among institutional writers; and
modern usage seems to exempt the Persons and Property of the Enemy
found in either territory at the outbreak of the war, from its
operations.

Without entering on the long arguments that have been produced on this
subject, and which it is not the intention of this treatise to
reproduce, the rule may be stated very nearly as follows.[9]

That though, on principle, the property of the enemy is liable to
seizure and confiscation, yet it is now an established international
usage that such property found within the territory of the belligerent
state, or debts due to its subjects by the government or individuals,
_at the commencement_ of hostilities, are not liable to be seized and