we cannot safely assume that Mahmud has given a faithful picture of
it.[29]

[27] Strabo, xvii. 793.

[28] Mahmud Bey, _Mémoire sur l'ancienne Alexandrie_ (Copenhagen,
1872); Néroutsos Bey, _L'ancienne Alexandrie_ (Paris, 1888).

[29] D.G. Hogarth, _Archaeological Report of the Egypt
Exploration Fund_, 1894-5, p. 28, and _Hellenic Journal_, xix.
326; F. Noack, _Athen. Mitteil._ xxv. (1900), pp. 232, 237. Dr.
Noack thought that his results confirmed Mahmud; to me, as to
some others, they seem rather to yield the conclusions indicated
in the text.


_Nicaea_.

Priene, Miletus, and Alexandria supply more or less well-known
instances of Macedonian town-planning. They can be reinforced by a
crowd of less famous examples, attested by literature or by actual
remains. One of the most characteristic is known to us from
literature, Nicaea in Bithynia, founded by one of the Macedonians in
316 B.C. and renamed by another some years later in honour of his wife
Nicaea. Strabo, writing about A.D. 15, describes it and his
description no doubt refers to arrangements older than the Romans. It
formed, he says, a perfect square in which each side measured four
stades, a little over 800 yds. In each side--apparently in the middle
of each side--there was one gate, and the streets within the walls
were laid out at right angles to one another. A man who stood at a