the products of their labor is so very small, and that will be found in
the steadily growing tendency towards centralization, so obvious in every
part of the operations of the British empire. Centralization and
civilization have in all countries, and at all periods of the world, been
opposed to each other, and that such is here the case can, I think,
readily be shown.

[Footnote 1: The several figures here given are from a statement in a
British journal. Whether they are perfectly accurate, or not, I have no
means of determining.]

Among the earliest cases in which this tendency was exhibited was that of
the Union by which the kingdom of Scotland was reduced to the condition of
a province of England, and Edinburgh, from being the capital of a nation,
to becoming a mere provincial town. By many and enlightened Scotchmen a
federal union would have been preferred; but a legislative one was formed,
and from that date the whole public revenue of Scotland tended towards
London, towards which tended also, and necessarily, all who sought for
place, power, or distinction. An absentee government produced, of course,
absentee landholders, and with each step in this direction there was a
diminution in the demand at home for talent, which thenceforward sought a
market in the great city to which the rents were sent. The connection
between the educated classes of Scotland and the Scottish seats of
learning tended necessarily to decline, while the connection between the
former and the universities of England became more intimate. These results
were, of course, gradually produced, but, as is the case with the stone as
it falls towards the earth, the attraction of centralization grew with the
growth of the city that was built out of the contributions of distant
provinces, while the counteracting power of the latter as steadily
declined, and the greater the decline the more rapid does its progress now