[Footnote 5: Viçv[=a]mitra. A few of the hymns are not
ascribed to priests at all (some were made by women; some by
'royal-seers,' _i.e._ kings, or, at least, not priests).]

[Footnote 6: Caste, at first, means 'pure,' and signifies
that there is a moral barrier between the caste and outcast.
The word now practically means class, even impure class. The
native word means 'color,' and the first formal distinction
was national, (white) Aryan and 'black-man.' The precedent
class-distinctions among the Aryans themselves became fixed
in course of time, and the lines between Aryans, in some
regards, were drawn almost as sharply as between Aryan and
slave.]

[Footnote 7: Compare RV. iii. 33, and in I. 131. 5, the
words: 'God Indra, thou didst help thy suppliants; one river
after another they gained who pursued glory.']

[Footnote 8: Thomas, _Rivers of the Vedas_ (JRAS. xv. 357
ff.; Zimmer, loc. cit. cap. 1).]

[Footnote 9: Later called the Candrabh[=a]ga. For the Jumna
and Sarayu see below.]

[Footnote 10: This is the error into which falls Brunnhofer,
whose theory that the Vedic Aryans were still settled near
the Caspian has been criticised above (p. 15).]

[Footnote 11: Compare Geiger, _Ostiranische Cultur_, p. 81.