directly inspired the many sensational versions of the Ems affair that
appeared in North German papers on July 14 is not yet proven.

However that may be, the French Government looked on the refusal of its
last demand, the publication of Bismarck's telegram, and the insults of
the German Press as a _casus belli_. The details of the sitting of the
Emperor's Council at 10 P.M. on July 14, at which it was decided to call
out the French reserves, are not yet known. Ollivier was not present.
There had been a few hours of wavering on this question; but the tone of
the Parisian evening papers--it was the French national day--the loud
cries of the rabble for war, and their smashing the windows of the
Prussian embassy, seem to have convinced the Emperor and his advisers
that to draw back now would involve the fall of the dynasty. Report has
uniformly pointed to the Empress as pressing these ideas on her
consort, and the account which the Duc de Gramont later on gave to Lord
Malmesbury of her words at that momentous Council-meeting support
popular rumour. It is as follows:--

Before the final resolve to declare war the Emperor, Empress,
and Ministers went to St. Cloud. After some discussion
Gramont told me that the Empress, a high-spirited and
impressionable woman, made a strong and most excited address,
declaring that "war was inevitable if the honour of France
was to be sustained." She was immediately followed by Marshal
Leboeuf, who, in the most violent tone, threw down his
portfolio and swore that if war was not declared he would
give it up and renounce his military rank. The Emperor gave
way, and Gramont went straight to the Chamber to announce the
fatal news[31].