The reply to the first clause of the question is sufficiently
obvious. We have no experience whatever of psychical phenomena
save as manifested in connection with material phenomena. We know
of Mind only as a group of activities which are never exhibited
to us except through the medium of motions of matter. In all our
experience we have never encountered such activities save in
connection with certain very complicated groupings of highly
mobile material particles into aggregates which we call living
organisms. And we have never found them manifested to a very
conspicuous extent save in connection with some of those
specially organized aggregates which have vertebrate skeletons
and mammary glands. Nay, more, when we survey the net results of
our experience up to the present time, we find indisputable
evidence that in the past history of the visible universe
psychical phenomena have only begun to be manifested in
connection with certain complex aggregates of material phenomena.
As these material aggregates have age by age become more complex
in structure, more complex psychical phenomena have been
exhibited. The development of Mind has from the outset been
associated with the development of Matter. And to-day, though
none of us has any knowledge of the end of psychical phenomena in
his own case, yet from all the marks by which we recognize such
phenomena in our fellow-creatures, whether brute or human, we are
taught that when certain material processes have been gradually
or suddenly brought to an end, psychical phenomena are no longer
manifested. From first to last, therefore, our appeal to
experience gets but one response. We have not the faintest shadow
of evidence wherewith to make it seem probable that Mind can
exist except in connection with a material body. Viewed from this