III. THE RISE OF UNIVERSITIES 13

1. Teachers and Students of the Twelfth Century
(a) Abelard 13
(b) John of Salisbury 25
2. The New Method 35
3. The New Studies 37
(a) The Works of Aristotle 40
(b) Roman Law 49
(c) Canon Law 55
(d) Theology 76
(e) Medicine 78
(f) Other University Text-books 78
4. University Privileges 80
(a) Special Protection by the Sovereign 81
(b) The Right of Trial in Special Courts 86
(c) Exemption from Taxation 88
(d) The Privilege of Suspending Lectures (Cessatio) 92
(e) The Right of Teaching Everywhere
(Jus ubique docendi) 96
(f) Privileges Granted by a Municipality 98
(g) The Influence of Mediaeval Privileges
on Modern Universities 101
5. Universities Founded by the Initiative of Civil
or Ecclesiastical Powers 102

IV. UNIVERSITY EXERCISES 107

(a) The Lecture 107
(b) The Disputation 115