explorers, pioneers, and warriors against the Indians, upon whom they
avenged their wrongs with relentless ferocity. Both the Irish race and
the intermingled Pennsylvania Dutch were prolific, and the up-country of
Pennsylvania soon overflowed. Emigration was held in check to the
westward for a while by the cruel massacres of the French and Indian
wars, and one river of population poured itself southward into the
fertile valleys of the Virginia mountain country; another and larger
flood swept still farther to the south along the eastern borders of the
Appalachian range until it reached the uplands of Carolina. When the
militia of one county in South Carolina was mustered during the
Revolution, it was found that every one of the thirty-five hundred men
enrolled were natives of Pennsylvania. These were mainly sons of North
Irishmen, and from the Carolina Irish sprang Calhoun, the most
aggressive statesman that has appeared in America, and Jackson, the most
brilliant military genius in the whole course of our history. Before the
close of the Revolution this adventurous race had begun to break over
the passes of the Alleghanies into the dark and bloody ground of
Kentucky and Tennessee. Soon afterward a multitude of Pennsylvanians of
all stocks--the Scotch-Irish and those Germans, Swiss, and Hollanders
who are commonly classed together as the Pennsylvania Dutch, as well as
a large number of people of English descent--began to migrate down the
Ohio Valley. Along with them came professional men and people of more or
less culture, chiefly from eastern Virginia and Maryland. There came
also into Indiana and Illinois, from the border States and from as far
south as North Carolina and Tennessee, a body of "poor whites." These
semi-nomadic people, descendants of the colonial bond-servants, formed,
in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, the lowest rank of
Hoosiers. But as early as 1845 there was a considerable exodus of these
to Missouri. From Pike County, in that State, they wended their way to
California, to appear in Mr. Bret Harte's stories as "Pikes." The