§ 2. The Liquefaction of Gases and Low Temperatures:
Linde's, Siemens', and Claude's methods of liquefying
gases--Apparatus of Claude described--Dewar's
experiments--Modification of electrical properties of
matter by extreme cold: of magnetic and chemical--
Vitality of bacteria unaltered--Ramsay's discovery
of rare gases of atmosphere--Their distribution in
nature--Liquid hydrogen--Helium.

§ 3. Solids and Liquids: Continuity of Solid and Liquid
States--Viscosity common to both--Also Rigidity--
Spring's analogies of solids and liquids--Crystallization
--Lehmann's liquid crystals--Their existence doubted
--Tamman's view of discontinuity between crystalline
and liquid states.

§ 4. The Deformation of Solids: Elasticity--
Hoocke's, Bach's, and Bouasse's researches--Voigt
on the elasticity of crystals--Elastic and permanent
deformations--Brillouin's states of unstable
equilibria--Duhem and the thermodynamic postulates--
Experimental confirmation--Guillaume's researches
on nickel steel--Alloys.


CHAPTER V

SOLUTIONS AND ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION