the same problem has led to duplication of methods; but the whole
progress has been a matter of slow, steady growth, advancing by hairs'
breadths, as the result of persistent efforts to adapt means to ends in
the endeavor to reduce the cost of manufacture.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 6: Abstract of a paper by Mr. C.J.H. Woodbury, read before the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.]

* * * * *




[Illustration: SOCIETIES]

THE NEWARK ARCHITECTURAL SKETCH-CLUB.


After a preliminary meeting held for permanent organization December 14,
1889, a constitution and by-laws were adopted, and the following
officers elected: _President_, W. Frank Bowers; _Vice-President_, J.C.
Swinnerton; _Secretary_, H.A. Hickok; _Treasurer_, W.C. Hudson. _The
Executive Committee_ consists of F.S. Sutton, A.E. Hudson, W.G. Smith,
L.A. Virtue and E.K. Taylor, together with the officers. It is intended,
in addition to the usual monthly competitions, to make a special feature
of regular class-work throughout the year, this will consist of courses
in constructional work, free-hand drawing, water-color work, plumbing,
architectural history, etc. The courses will be under the direction of