trees, after they have been felled, must be cut and piled in heaps,
as shown in Fig. 122, to prevent fire. When the trunks, sawed into
logs, are dragged through the woods, care is taken not to break down
the young trees or to injure the bark of standing trees. Waste in
the process of manufacture is provided against, uses are found for
the material ordinarily rejected, and the best methods of handling
and drying lumber are employed. Fig. 135 shows a typical sawmill
capable of providing lumber in large quantities.

In the utilization of the by-products of the forest, such as
turpentine and resin, Forestry has devised numerous methods for
harvesting the crops with greater economy and with least waste and
injury to the trees from which the by-products are obtained. Fig.
136 illustrates an improved method by which crude turpentine is
obtained.

[Illustration: FIG. 136.--Gathering Crude Turpentine by the Cup and
Gutter Method. This system, devised by foresters, saves the trees and
increases the output.]

Forestry here and abroad: Forestry is practiced in every civilized
country except China and Turkey. In Germany, Forestry has attained,
through a long series of years, a remarkable state of scientific
thoroughness and has greatly increased the annual output of the
forests of that country.

In France, Switzerland, Austria, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Russia
and Denmark, Forestry is also practiced on scientific principles and
the government in each of these countries holds large tracts of
forests in reserve. In British India one finds a highly efficient