GROUP III. THE RED CEDAR AND ARBOR-VITAE

How to tell them from other trees: The red cedar (juniper) and
arbor-vitae may be told from other trees by their _leaves_, which
remain on the tree and keep green throughout the entire year. These
leaves differ from those of the other evergreens in being much
shorter and of a distinctive shape as shown in Figs. 12 and 13. The
trees themselves are much smaller than the other evergreens
enumerated in this book. Altogether, there are thirty-five species
of juniper recognized and four of arbor-vitae. The junipers are
widely distributed over the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic
region down to Mexico in the New World, and in northern Africa,
China, and Japan in the Old World. The arbor-vitae is found in
northeastern and northwestern America, China, and Japan. The species
mentioned here are those commonly found in America.

How to tell them from each other: The _twigs_ of the arbor-vitae are
_flat and fan-like_ as in Fig. 13; the twigs of the red cedar are
_needle-shaped or scale-like_ as in Fig. 12. The foliage of the
arbor-vitae is of a lighter color than that of the red cedar, which
is sombre green. The arbor-vitae will generally be found growing in
moist locations, while the red cedar will grow in dry places as
well. The arbor-vitae generally retains its lower branches in open
places, while the branches of the red cedar start at some distance
from the ground.


RED CEDAR (_Juniperus virginiana_)