tenderness which a wife should have given him were discharged in part
by his mother, but largely by his sister-in-law. No one exercised so
much influence as Antonia over the diffident and self-centered spirit
of the emperor. Whoever wished to obtain a favor from him could do no
better than to intrust his cause to Antonia. There is no doubt,
therefore, that Antonia checked her son, and in his society
counterbalanced the influence of his wife.

But even if two parties were not formed, it was not long before other
difficulties arose. Discord soon made itself felt between Livia and
Agrippina. More serious still was the fact that Germanicus, who, after
the death of Augustus, had been sent as a legate to Gaul, initiated a
German policy contrary to the instructions given him by Tiberius. This
was due partly to his own impetuous temperament and partly to the
goadings of his wife and the flatterers who surrounded him. Tiberius,
whom the Germans knew from long experience, no longer wished to molest
them. The revolt of Arminius proved that when their independence was
threatened by Rome they were capable of uniting and becoming dangerous;
when left to themselves they destroyed one another by continual wars.
It was advisable, therefore, according to Tiberius, not to attack or
molest them, but at the proper moment to fan the flames of their
continual dissensions and wars in order that, while destroying
themselves, they should leave the empire in peace. This wise and
prudent policy might please a seasoned soldier like Tiberius, who had
already won his laurels in many wars and who had risen to the pinnacle
of glory and power. It did not please the pushing and eager youth
Germanicus, who was anxious to distinguish himself by great and
brilliant exploits, and who had at his side, as a continual stimulus,
an ambitious and passionate wife, surrounded by a court of flatterers.
Germanicus, on his own initiative, crossed the Rhine and took up the