appointed Referee, or Umpire; for the bystanders, when properly
appealed to; or for any person, present or absent, to whom may be
referred any disputed questions; or for any other authority
whomsoever having power to determine such questions.

When the word "_move_" is used it is understood to mean a legal
move or a move to be legally made according to these laws.

When the word "_man_" or "_men_" is used, it is understood that it
embraces both Pieces and Pawns.


THE CHESS-BOARD AND MEN.

The Chess-board must be placed with a white square at the
right-hand corner.

If the Chess-board be wrongly placed, or if there is a deficiency
in number, or a misplacement of the men, at the beginning of the
game, the game shall be annulled, provided the error is discovered
before the second player makes four moves.


FIRST MOVE AND COLOR.

The right of first move must be determined by lot.

The right of first move shall alternate, whether the game be won,
lost or drawn.