hibernates still in the larval condition. Not until spring is the pupal
form assumed, and then it quickly passes into the imaginal state. In the
south of England, as F.V. Theobald (1909) has lately shown, and also in
southwestern Ireland, this species may be double-brooded, the usual
condition on the European continent and in the United States of America.
There the midsummer larvae pupate at once and the moths of an August
brood lay eggs on the hanging or stored fruit; in this case, again,
however, the full-grown larva, quickly fed-up within the developed
apples, is the wintering stage.

Several of the insects mentioned in this survey, like the last-named
codling moth, are occasionally double-brooded. As an example of the many
Lepidoptera, which in our islands have normally two complete life-cycles
in the year, we may take the very familiar White butterflies (Pieris) of
which three species are common everywhere. The appearance of the first
brood of these butterflies on the wing in late April or May is hailed as
a sign of advanced spring-time. They pair and lay their eggs on
cabbages and other plants, and the green hairy caterpillars feed in June
and July, after which the spotted pupae may be found on fences and
walls, attached by the silken tail-pad and supported by the
waist-girdle. In August and September butterflies of the second brood
have emerged from these and are on the wing; their offspring are the
autumn caterpillars which feed in some seasons as late as November,
doing often serious damage to the late cruciferous crops before they
pupate. The pupae may be seen during the winter months, waiting for the
spring sunshine to call out the butterflies whose structures are being
formed beneath the hard cuticle.

Reviewing the small selection of life-stories of various Lepidoptera
just sketched, we notice an interesting and suggestive variety in the