fifteen inches deep, fine and mellow and well prepared for root
penetration, for good ventilation, for the absorbing and holding of
moisture and warmth.

This method should always be employed for small gardens and flower
beds.


PLOWING

For preparing large areas of soil the plow is the tool most generally
used.


WHY DO WE SPADE AND PLOW?

To break and pulverize the soil and make it soft and mellow, so the
roots of plants may enter it in search of food, and get a firm hold
for the support of the plant which is above ground.

To make the soil open and porous, so that it can more readily absorb
rain as it falls on the surface.

To check loss of water by evaporation.

To admit air to the roots of plants. Also to allow air to act
chemically on the mineral and organic matter of the soil and make them
available to the crop.

To raise the temperature of soils in the spring, or of damp soils at