craftsmen such as goldsmiths, hawk-keepers, dog-keepers,
horse-keepers, huntsmen, foresters, builders, weaponsmiths,
embroiderers, blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors, salters, bakers,
cooks, and gardeners. Blacksmiths made gates, hugh door
hinges,lock, latches, bolts, and horseshoes. The lord loaned
these people land on which to live for their life, called a "life
estate", in return for their services. The loan could continue to
their children who took up the craft. Mills were usually powered
by water.

Clothing for men and women was made from wool, silk, and linen
and was usually brown in color. Men also wore leather clothing,
such as neckpieces, breeches, ankle leathers, shoes, and boots;
and metal belts under which they carried knives or axes. They
could wear leather pouches for carrying items.

Water could be carried in leather bags. Leather working
preservative techniques improved so that tanning prevented
stretching or decaying.

For their meals, people had drinking cups and bottles made of
leather, and bowls, pans, and pitchers made by the potter's
wheel. Water could be boiled in pots made of iron, brass, lead,
or clay.

There was a great expansion of arable land. Kings typically
granted land in exchange for services of military duties,
repairing of fortresses, and work on bridges. Less common
services required by landlords include equipping a guard ship and
guarding the coast, guarding the lord, military watch,