plus 1/10. Their entire idea of division seems defective. They
viewed the subject from the more elementary stand-point of
multiplication. Thus, in order to find out how many times 7 is
contained in 77, an existing example shows that the numbers
representing 1 times 7, 2 times 7, 4 times 7, 8 times 7 were set
down successively and various experimental additions made to find
out which sets of these numbers aggregated 77.

--1 7
--2 14
--4 28
--8 56

A line before the first, second, and fourth of these numbers
indicated that it is necessary to multiply 7 by 1 plus 2 plus
8--that is, by 11, in order to obtain 77; that is to say, 7 goes
11 times in 77. All this seems very cumbersome indeed, yet we
must not overlook the fact that the process which goes on in our
own minds in performing such a problem as this is precisely
similar, except that we have learned to slur over certain of the
intermediate steps with the aid of a memorized multiplication
table. In the last analysis, division is only the obverse side of
multiplication, and any one who has not learned his
multiplication table is reduced to some such expedient as that of
the Egyptian. Indeed, whenever we pass beyond the range of our
memorized multiplication table-which for most of us ends with the
twelves--the experimental character of the trial multiplication
through which division is finally effected does not so greatly
differ from the experimental efforts which the Egyptian was
obliged to apply to smaller numbers.