star,--Henderson's measurements--Kirchhoff and Bunsen's
perfection of the spectroscope--Wonderful revelations
of the spectroscope--Lord Kelvin's estimate of the time that
will be required for the earth to become completely cooled--
Alvan Clark's discovery of the companion star of Sirius--
The advent of the photographic film in astronomy--Dr.
Huggins's studies of nebulae--Sir Norman Lockyer's "cosmogonic
guess,"--Croll's pre-nebular theory.

CHAPTER III. THE NEW SCIENCE OF PALEONTOLOGY

William Smith and fossil shells--His discovery that fossil
rocks are arranged in regular systems--Smith's inquiries
taken up by Cuvier--His Ossements Fossiles containing the
first description of hairy elephant--His contention that fossils
represent extinct species only--Dr. Buckland's studies
of English fossil-beds--Charles Lyell combats catastrophism,
--Elaboration of his ideas with reference to the rotation of
species--The establishment of the doctrine of uniformitarianism,
--Darwin's Origin of Species--Fossil man--Dr. Falconer's visit to
the fossil-beds in the valley of the Somme--Investigations of
Prestwich and Sir John Evans--Discovery of the Neanderthal skull,
--Cuvier's rejection of human fossils--The finding of prehistoric
carving on ivory--The fossil-beds of America--Professor Marsh's
paper on the fossil horses in America--The Warren mastodon,
--The Java fossil, Pithecanthropus Erectus.

CHAPTER IV. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN GEOLOGY

James Hutton and the study of the rocks--His theory of the