enlarged study of all things or phenomena in their relations (since
every part must harmonize with the whole), this happiness implies duty
and altruism, every whit as much as self-enjoyment. This agrees with
and results from scientific experience. Under the old _a priori_
psychologic system, _selfishness_ (which meant that every soul was to
be chiefly or solely concerned in saving itself, guided by hope of
reward and fear of punishment), it was naturally the basis of
morality.

Now, accepting the definition of Happiness as a state of mind under
certain conditions, it follows that it can be realized to a great
degree, and in all cases to some degree, firstly by forethought or
carefully defining what it is or what we desire, and secondly by
making a fixed idea by simple, well-nigh mechanical means, without any
resource to _les grands môyens_. According to the old and now rapidly
vanishing philosophy, this was to be effected by sublime morality,
prayer, or adjuration of supernatural beings and noble heroism, but
what is here proposed is much humbler, albeit more practical. Reading
immortal poetry or prose is indeed a splendid power, but to learn the
letters of the alphabet, and to spell, is very simple and unpoetic,
yet far more practical. What I have described has been the mere dull
rudiments. It is most remarkable that the world has always known that
the art of RAFFAELLE, MICHAEL ANGELO, and ALBERT DURER was based, like
that of the greatest musicians, on extensive rudimentary study, and
yet has never dreamed that what far surpasses all art in every way,
and even includes the desire for it, may all proceed from, or be
developed by, a process which is even easier than those required for
the lesser branches.

He who can control his own mind by an iron will, and say to the