degree that the consumption of bleach will be held within certain
limits, depending on the raw materials used and the quality of paper to
be produced. In these tests it was desirable so to cook the hurds that
the consumption of bleach would not be over about 10 per cent of the
fiber.

_Furnishing._--Furnishing is the operation of charging the beating
engine with the desired kind or kinds of fiber in the proper proportion
and amount and the adding of such loading and sizing agents as may be
necessary. As shown in the record of results, the furnish in these tests
consisted of hurd stock alone and of various proportions of hurds,
sulphite fiber, and soda fiber. The percentages to be given in the
record of the furnishes refer to the percentage of the total fiber
furnish, and this likewise applies to the loading and sizing agents. In
case sulphite or soda fiber was used, the commercial product in the dry
state was charged into the beating engine and disintegrated, after which
the hurd stock was added in the wet condition.

_Beating._--Beating is that operation concerning which the paper makers
often say "there is where the paper is really made," and although the
statement may not be literally true it contains a great deal of truth.
It is the operation whereby the fibers are separated from each other,
reduced to the proper lengths, and put in such a physical or chemical
condition that they felt properly and form into a satisfactory sheet. It
is probable that the quality of the sheet depends more upon the proper
beater action than upon any other single operation. The action consists
in drawing a water suspension of the fiber between two sets of rather
blunt knives, one set being located in the bottom of a circulating
trough and the other set on the periphery of a roll revolving just above
the former set of knives. It is during this operation that the loading