given people. The folk-lore of the Celtic races bears abundant testimony
to their belief that beneath this world there was another. The 'annwfn'
of the Welsh was distinctly conceived in the folk-lore embodied in
mediaeval poetry as being 'is elfydd' (beneath the world). In mediaeval
Welsh legend, again, this lower world is regarded as divided into
kingdoms, like this world, and its kings, like Arawn and Hafgan in the
Mabinogi of Pwyll, are represented as being sometimes engaged in
conflict. From this lower world had come to man some of the blessings of
civilisation, and among them the much prized gift of swine. The lower
world could be even plundered by enterprising heroes. Marriages like
that of Pwyll and Rhiannon were possible between the dwellers of the one
world and the other. The other-world of the Celts does not seem,
however, to have been always pictured as beneath the earth. Irish and
Welsh legend combine in viewing it at times as situated on distant
islands, and Welsh folk-lore contains several suggestions of another
world situated beneath the waters of a lake, a river, or a sea. In one
or two passages also of Welsh mediaeval poetry the shades are represented
as wandering in the woods of Caledonia (Coed Celyddon). This was no
doubt a traditional idea in those families that migrated to Wales in post-
Roman times from Strathclyde. To those who puzzled over the fate of the
souls of the dead the idea of their re-birth was a very natural solution,
and Mr. Alfred Nutt, in his _Voyage of Bran_, has called attention to the
occurrence of this idea in Irish legend. It does not follow, however,
that the souls of all men would enjoy the privilege of this re-birth. As
Mr. Alfred Nutt points out, Irish legend seems to regard this re-birth
only as the privilege of the truly great. It is of interest to note the
curious persistence of similar ideas as to death and the other-world in
literature written even in Christian times and by monastic scribes. In
Welsh, in addition to Annwfn, a term which seems to mean the 'Not-world,'
we have other names for the world below, such as 'anghar,' the loveless