on the unprotected ground. In doing this, I ignored the natural
requirements of forest practice which call for half-shade during the
first two to three years of growth. Thousands of seedlings sprouted but
they all died either from disease or from attacks by cows and sheep. One
should never attempt to raise trees and stock in the same field.

Because of these misfortunes, I determined to study the growth of
evergreens. I invested in such necessary equipment as frames and lath
screening. Better equipped with both information and material, I grew
thousands of evergreen trees. Among the varieties of pine were:

native White Pine --Pinus strobus
Norway pine --Pinus silvestrus
Mugho pine --Pinus pumila montana
sugar pine --Pinus Lambertiana
(not hardy in northern Wisconsin)
Swiss stone --Pinus cembra
(not hardy in northern Wisconsin)
Italian stone --Pinus pinea
(not hardy in northern Wisconsin)
pinon --Pinus edulis
(not hardy in northern Wisconsin)
bull pine --Pinus Jeffreyi (hardy)
jack pine --Pinus banksiana (very hardy)
limber pine --Pinus flexilis
(semi-hardy, a fine nut pine).

Many of the limber pines came into bearing about fifteen years after the
seed was planted. At that age they varied in height from three to
fifteen feet. One little three-foot tree had several large cones full of