were taken away. The throne was denuded of its gold, and may be seen
to-day in the Cathedral at Aachen, a simple marble chair plain and
dignified, with the copper joints showing its construction. Many of
the relics of Charlemagne are in the treasury at Aachen, among other
interesting items, the bones of the right arm of the Emperor in a
golden shrine in the form of a hand and arm. There is a thrill in
contemplating the remains of the right arm of Charlemagne after all
the centuries, when one remembers the swords and sceptres which have
been wielded by that mighty member. The reliquary containing the
right arm of Charlemagne is German work (of course later than the
opening of the tomb), probably between 1155 and 1190. Frederic
Barbarossa and his ancestors are represented on its ornamentation.

There is little goldsmith's work of the Norman period in Great
Britain, for that was a time of the building of large structures,
and probably minor arts and personal adornment took a secondary
place.

[Illustration: BERNWARD'S CROSS AND CANDLESTICKS, HILDESHEIM]

Perhaps the most satisfactory display of mediæval arts and crafts
which may be seen in one city is at Hildesheim: the special richness
of remains of the tenth century is owing to the life and example
of an early bishop--Bernward--who ruled the See from 993 to 1022.
Before he was made bishop, Bernward was tutor to the young Emperor
Otto III. He was a student of art all his life, and a practical
craftsman, working largely in metals, and training up a Guild of
followers in the Cathedral School. He was extremely versatile: one
of the great geniuses of history. In times of war he was Commander
in Chief of Hildesheim; he was a traveller, having made pilgrimages