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Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 - Federal Investigations of Mine Accidents, Structural - Materials and Fuels. Paper No. 1171 by Herbert M. Wilson
page 77 of 187 (41%)
suitability, and availability of the materials submitted, and to
ascertain data leading to more accurate working values as a basis for
better working specifications, so as to enable Government officials to
use such materials with more economy and increased efficiency.

Investigative tests of materials entering into Government construction,
relative to the larger problems involved in the use of materials
purchased by the Government, include exhaustive study of the suitability
for use, in concrete construction on the Isthmian Canal, of the sand and
stone, and of the cementing value of pozzuolanic material, found on the
Isthmus; the strength, elasticity, and chemical properties of structural
steel for canal lock-gates; of wire rope and cables for use in hoisting
and haulage; and the most suitable sand and stone available for concrete
and reinforced concrete for under-water construction, such as the
retaining walls being built by the Quartermaster’s Department of the
Army, in San Francisco Harbor.

These tests also include investigations into the disintegrating effect
of alkaline soil and water on the concrete and reinforced concrete
structures of the Reclamation Service, with a view to preventing such
disintegration; investigations into the proper proportions and
dimensions of concrete and reinforced concrete structural columns,
beams, and piers, and of walls of brick and of building stone, and of
the various types of metal used for reinforcement by the Supervising
Architect in the construction of public buildings; investigations into
the sand, gravel, and broken stone available for local use in concrete
construction, such as columns, piers, arches, floor slabs, etc., as a
guide to the more economical design of public structures, and to
determine the proper method of mixing the materials to render the
concrete most impervious to water and resistant to weather and other
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