must look carefully to see that no miniatures have been cut out; but
it is only by counting the leaves in their gatherings that he can
make sure. This is often impossible without breaking the binding.

The most valuable "Horae" are those written in England. Some are of
the English use (Sarum or York, or whatever it may happen to be),
but were written abroad, especially in Normandy, for the English
market. These are also valuable, even when imperfect. Look for the
page before the commencement of the Hours (No. 4 in the list above),
and at the end will be found a line in red,--"Incipit Horae secundum
usum Sarum," or otherwise, as the case may be.

4. Missals do not often occur, and are not only very valuable but
very difficult to collate, unless furnished with catch-words or
signatures. But no Missal is complete without the Canon of the
Mass, usually in the middle of the book, and if there are any
illuminations throughout the volume, there will be a full page
Crucifixion, facing the Canon. Missals of large size and
completeness contain--(1) a Calendar; (2) "the proper of the
Season;" (3) the ordinary and Canon of the Mass; (4) the Communal of
Saints; (5) the proper of Saints and special occasions; (6) the
lessons, epistles, and gospels; with (7) some hymns, "proses," and
canticles. This is Sir W. Tite's list; but, as he remarks, MS.
Missals seldom contain so much. The collector will look for the
Canon, which is invariable.

Breviaries run to an immense length, and are seldom illuminated. It
would be impossible to give them any kind of collation, and the same
may be said of many other kinds of old service-books, and of the
chronicles, poems, romances, and herbals, in which mediaeval