Africa, Utica, Hippo-Zaritis, Hippo Regius, Carthage,
Hadrumetum, Leptis Minor, Leptis Major, and Thapsus;--in
Sicily, Motya, Eryx, Panormus, Solocis;--between Sicily and
Africa, Cossura, Gaulos, and Melita;--in Sardinia, Caralis,
Nora, Sulcis, and Tharros;--in the Balearic Isles;--in
Spain, Malaca, Sex, Abdera. 3. Outside the Straits of
Gibraltar;--in Africa, Tingis, and Lixus; in Spain,
Tartessus, Gades, and Belon--Summary.

The narrowness of the territory which the Phoenicians occupied the
military strength of their neighbours towards the north and towards the
south, and their own preference of maritime over agricultural pursuits,
combined to force them, as they began to increase and multiply, to
find a vent for their superfluous population in colonies. The military
strength of Philistia and Egypt barred them out from expansion upon
the south; the wild savagery of the mountain races in Casius, northern
Bargylus, and Amanus was an effectual barrier towards the north; but
before them lay the open Mediterranean, placid during the greater
portion of the year, and conducting to a hundred lands, thinly peopled,
or even unoccupied, where there was ample room for any number of
immigrants. The trade of the Phoenicians with the countries bordering
the Eastern Mediterranean must be regarded as established long
previously to the time when they began to feel cramped for space; and
thus, when that time arrived, they had no difficulty in finding fresh
localities to occupy, except such as might arise from a too abundant
amplitude of choice. Right in front of them lay, at the distance of not
more than seventy miles, visible from Casius in clear weather,[51] the
large and important island, once known as Chittim,[52] and afterwards as
Cyprus, which played so important a part in the history of the East from
the time of Sargon and Sennacherib to that of Bragadino and Mustapha