aroused by the cruelties of the Spaniards, by whom they were
deprived of their liberty, forced to labor in the silver mines
with inadequate food, and barbarously treated, finally rose,
joined with tribes who had never been subdued, and gradually
drove out or massacred their oppressors. A superior civilizationdisappeared before their devastating career, and to day there is
scarcely a trace of it left, except scarcely visible ruins,
evidence everywhere, of extensive and hastily-deserted mining
operations, and the tradition of the country. The mission of San
Xavier del Bac, and the old towns of Tueson and Tubac, are the
most prominent of these remains. The labors of the Jesuits to
civilize the Indians are still evident in the mission Indians,
the Papagos and Pimas, who live in villages, cultivate crops of
corn and wheat, and who, in the Christian and human elements of
good faith and charity, are, to say the least, in no way inferior
to the Mexicans. After the massacre of four of Crabbe's
unfortunate party near Sonoita by the Mexicans, the Papago
Indians buried carefully the bodies to which Mexican inhumanity
had denied this last charitable office. It is a curious and
suggestive fact that the latitude of places upon Gila, Santa
Cruz, and San Pedro, determined by the Jesuits about 1750, has
lately been verified by the observations of Park Michler, and
Emory. The instruments used by the Jesuits were constructed by
them, the lenses being made from pebbles.

From 1757 down to 1820, the Spaniards and Mexicans continued to
work many valuable mines near Barbacora, and the notes in my
possession speak of many silver mines, most of which contained a
percentage of gold. "The San Pedro gold mine in 1748 was worked
with extraordinary success." Among the mines anciently worked, as
laid down in the authorities heretofore referred to, were the