oppressions of the Portuguese, and a continuance of their regal
power and exclusive authority over their own subjects, which is
maintained in all the islands except Ternate to this day.

It is no doubt supposed by most Englishmen, who have been
accustomed to look upon this act of the Dutch with vague horror,
as something utterly unprincipled and barbarous, that the native
population suffered grievously by this destruction of such
valuable property. But it is certain that this was not the case.
The Sultans kept this lucrative trade entirely in their own hands
as a rigid monopoly, and they would take care not to give, their
subjects more than would amount to their usual wages, while: they
would surely exact as large a quantity of spice as they could
possibly obtain. Drake and other early voyagers always seem to
have purchased their spice-cargoes from the Sultans and Rajahs,
and not from the cultivators. Now the absorption of so much
labour in the cultivation of this one product must necessarily
have raised the price of food and other necessaries; and when it
was abolished, more rice would be grown, more sago made, more
fish caught, and more tortoise-shell, rattan, gum-dammer, and
other valuable products of the seas and the forests would be
obtained. I believe, therefore, that this abolition of the spice
trade in the Moluccas was actually beneficial to the inhabitants,
and that it was an act both wise in itself and morally and
politically justifiable.

In the selection of the places in which to carry on the
cultivation, the Dutch were not altogether fortunate or wise.
Banda was chosen for nutmegs, and was eminently successful, since
ü; continues to this day to produce a large supply of this spice,