but who, in spite of that, was of their totem. To avoid mistakes,
it seems that some tribes mark the totem on the flesh with incised
lines.[2] The natives frequently design figures of some kind on
the trees growing near the graves of deceased warriors. Some
observers have fancied that in these designs they recognised the
totem of the dead men; but on this subject evidence is by no means
clear. We shall see that this primitive sort of heraldry, this
carving or painting of hereditary blazons, is common among the Red
Men of America.[3]


[1] Cf. Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht; M'Lennan, Primitive Marriage,
passim; Encycl. Brit. s. v. Family.

[2] Fison, op. cit., p. 66.

[3] Among other recent sources see Howitt in "Organisation of
Australian Tribes" (Transactions of Royal Society of Victoria,
1889), and Spencer and Gillen, Natives of Central Australia. In
Central Australia there is a marked difference in the form of
Totemism.


Though a large amount of evidence might be added to that already
put forward, we may now sum up the inferences to be drawn from the
study of totemism in Australia. It has been shown (1) that the
natives think themselves actually akin to animals, plants, the sun,
and the wind, and things in general; (2) that those ideas influence
their conduct, and even regulate their social arrangements, because
(3) men and women of the kinship of the same animal or plant may