have a country with a mild and genial climate. Trees of a warm
latitude were then growing as far north as Paris, and we may
well suppose Europe to have abounded in shady forests and grassy
plains, through which flowed large rivers. It was just such a
country as that in which elephants and southern animals would
flourish, while vast herds of deer and bovine animals wandered
over the entire length and breadth of the land. Where animal
life was so abundant there were sure to be carnivorous animals
also, and lions, hyenas, tigers, and other animals added to the
variety of animal life.

This, however, is but one side of the picture. The other
presents us with a very different scene; instead of an abundant
forest growth, the land supported only dwarf birch, arctic
willows, and stunted mosses. Arctic animals, such as musk-sheep
and reindeer, lived all the year around in Southern France.
The woolly mammoth lived in Spain and Italy. In short, the
climate and conditions of life were vastly different in the
two stages.

We must now turn our attention to the proofs of glaciers in
Europe, the phenomena from which this age derives its name.
Descriptions of Alpine glaciers are common enough, but as
glaciers and the Glacial Age have a great deal to do with the
antiquity of man, we can not do better than to learn what we can
of their formation, and their wonderful extension during this
period. The school-boy knows that by pressure he gives his
snowball nearly the hardness of ice. He could make it really ice
if he possessed sufficient strength. The fact is, then, that
snow under the influence of pressure passes into the form of