some amusement out of the "loyal" services. The church situation was, however,
a serious matter during and after the reconstruction, and some of its later
phases will have to be discussed elsewhere.

The Unionist, or "Tory," of the lower and eastern South found himself, in
1865, a man without a country. Few in number in any community, they found
themselves, upon their return from a harsh exile, the victims of ostracism or
open hostility. One of them, William H. Smith, later Governor of Alabama,
testified that the Southern people "manifest the most perfect contempt for a
man who is known to be an unequivocal Union man; they call him a 'galvanized
Yankee' and apply other terms and epithets to him." General George H. Thomas,
speaking of a region more divided in sentiment than Alabama, remarked that
"Middle Tennessee is disturbed by animosities and hatreds, much more than it
is by the disloyalty of persons towards the Government of the United States.

Those personal animosities would break out and overawe the civil authorities,
but for the presence there of the troops of the United States . . . . They are
more unfriendly to Union men, natives of the State of Tennessee, or of the
South, who have been in the Union army, than they are to men of Northern
birth."

In the border states, society was sharply divided, and feeling was bitter. In
eastern Tennessee, eastern Kentucky, West Virginia, and parts of Arkansas and
Missouri, returning Confederates met harsher treatment than did the Unionists
in the lower South. Trowbridge says of east Tennessee: "Returning rebels were
robbed; and if one had stolen unawares to his home, it was not safe for him to
remain there. I saw in Virginia one of these exiles, who told me how
homesickly he pined for the hills and meadows of east Tennessee, which he
thought the most delightful region in the world. But, there was a rope hanging
from a tree for him there, and he dared not go back. 'The bottom rails are on