said upon that subject may be summed up in a very few words. Draw a
line on a globe from the Gold Coast in Western Africa to the steppes of
Tartary. At the southern and western end of that line there live the
most dolichocephalic, prognathous, curly-haired, dark-skinned of
men--the true Negroes. At the northern and eastern end of the same
line there live the most brachycephalic, orthognathous,
straight-haired, yellow-skinned of men--the Tartars and Calmucks. The
two ends of this imaginary line are indeed, so to speak, ethnological
antipodes. A line drawn at right angles, or nearly so, to this polar
line through Europe and Southern Asia to Hindostan, would give us a
sort of equator, around which round-headed, oval-headed, and
oblong-headed, prognathous and orthognathous, fair and dark races--but
none possessing the excessively marked characters of Calmuck or
Negro--group themselves.

FIG.29.--Sections of orthognathous (light contour) and prognathous (dark
contour) skulls, one-third of the natural size. 'a b', Basicranial
axis; 'b c, b1 c1', plane of the occipital foramen; 'd d1', hinder end
of the palatine bone; 'e e1', front end of the upper jaw; 'T T1',
insertion of the tentorium.

It is worthy of notice that the regions of the antipodal races are
antipodal in climate, the greatest contrast the world affords, perhaps,
being that between the damp, hot, steaming, alluvial coast plains of
the West Coast of Africa and the arid, elevated steppes and plateaux of
Central Asia, bitterly cold in winter, and as far from the sea as any
part of the world can be.

From Central Asia eastward to the Pacific Islands and subcontinents on
the one hand, and to America on the other, brachycephaly and