estimated at about 75 cubic inches, which is the average capacity given
by Morton for Polynesian and Hottentot skulls.

So large a mass of brain as this, would alone suggest that the pithecoid
tendencies, indicated by this skull, did not extend deep into the
organization; and this conclusion is borne out by the dimensions of the
other bones of the skeleton given by Professor Schaaffhausen, which
show that the absolute height and relative proportions of the limbs
were quite those of an European of middle stature. The bones are
indeed stouter, but this and the great development of the muscular
ridges noted by Dr. Schaaffhausen, are characters to be expected in
savages. The Patagonians, exposed without shelter or protection to a
climate possibly not very dissimilar from that of Europe at the time
during which the Neanderthal man lived, are remarkable for the
stoutness of their limb bones.

FIG. 31.--Ancient Danish skull from a tumulus at Borreby: one-third of
the natural size. From a camera lucida drawing by Mr. Busk.

In no sense, then, can the Neanderthal bones be regarded as the remains
of a human being intermediate between Men and Apes. At most, they
demonstrate the existence of a man whose skull may be said to revert
somewhat towards the pithecoid type--just as a Carrier, or a Pouter, or
a Tumbler, may sometimes put on the plumage of its primitive stock, the
'Columba livia'. And indeed, though truly the most pithecoid of known
human skulls, the Neanderthal cranium is by no means so isolated as it
appears to be at first, but forms, in reality, the extreme term of a
series leading gradually from it to the highest and best developed of
human crania. On the one hand, it is closely approached by the
flattened Australian skulls, of which I have spoken, from which other