become all at once a unit, either in organization or in spirit.
The idea of national solidarity had as yet made scant progress.
The old rivalry which existed between the provinces of the north,
dominated by Bahia or Pernambuco, and those of the south,
controlled by Rio de Janeiro or Sao Paulo, still made itself
felt. What the Empire amounted to, therefore, was an
agglomeration of provinces, held together by the personal
prestige of a young monarch.

Since the mother country still held parts of northern Brazil, the
Emperor entrusted the energetic Cochrane, who had performed such
valiant service for Chile and Peru, with the task of expelling
the foreign soldiery. When this had been accomplished and a
republican outbreak in the same region had been suppressed, the
more difficult task of satisfying all parties by a constitution
had to be undertaken. There were partisans of monarchy and
advocates of republicanism, men of conservative and of liberal
sympathies; disagreements, also, between the Brazilians and the
native Portuguese residents were frequent. So far as possible
Pedro desired to meet popular desires, and yet without imposing
too many limitations on the monarchy itself. But in the assembly
called to draft the constitution the liberal members made a
determined effort to introduce republican forms. Pedro thereupon
dissolved that body and in 1826 promulgated a constitution of his
own.

The popularity of the Emperor thereafter soon began to wane,
partly because of the scandalous character of his private life,
and partly because he declined to observe constitutional
restrictions and chose his ministers at will. His insistent war