felt that, by offering their lives to the swords of the
Americans, they had canceled their obligation to King George and
were now free to draw their swords again and, this time, in
accordance with their sympathies; so they went over to the
American side and fought gallantly for independence.


Although the brave glory of this pioneer age shines so brightly
on the Lion Rampant of Caledonia, not to Scots alone does that
whole glory belong. The second largest racial stream which flowed
into the Back Country of Virginia and North Carolina was German.
Most of these Germans went down from Pennsylvania and were
generally called "Pennsylvania Dutch," an incorrect rendering of
Pennsylvanische Deutsche. The upper Shenandoah Valley was settled
almost entirely by Germans. They were members of the Lutheran,
German Reformed, and Moravian churches. The cause which sent vast
numbers of this sturdy people across the ocean, during the first
years of the eighteenth century, was religious persecution. By
statute and by word the Roman Catholic powers of Austria sought
to wipe out the Salzburg Lutherans and the Moravian followers of
John Huss. In that region of the Rhine country known in those
days as the German Palatinate, now a part of Bavaria, Protestants
were being massacred by the troops of Louis of France, then
engaged in the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-13) and in the
zealous effort to extirpate heretics from the soil of Europe. In
1708, by proclamation, Good Queen Anne offered protection to the
persecuted Palatines and invited them to her dominions. Twelve
thousand of them went to England, where they were warmly received
by the English. But it was no slight task to settle twelve
thousand immigrants of an alien speech in England and enable them