United States attempted the invasion of Canada.

* See Stephenson, "Abraham Lincoln and the Union," in "The
Chronicles of America."


America laid claims against Great Britain, based not merely on
the actual destruction of merchantmen by the Alabama, the
Florida, and other Confederate vessels built in British yards,
but also on such indirect losses as insurance, cost of pursuit,
and commercial profits. The American Minister, Charles Francis
Adams, had proposed the arbitration of these claims, but the
British Ministry, declined to arbitrate matters involving the
honor of the country. Adams's successor, Reverdy Johnson,
succeeded in arranging a convention in 1868 excluding from
consideration all claims for indirect damages, but this
arrangement was unfavorably reported from the Committee on
Foreign Affairs in the Senate. It was then that Charles Sumner,
Chairman of the Committee, gave utterance to his astounding
demands upon Great Britain. The direct claims of the United
States, he contended, were no adequate compensation for its
losses; the indirect claims must also be made good, particularly
those based on the loss of the American merchant marine by
transfer to the British flag. The direct or "individual" American
losses amounted to $15,000,000. "But this leaves without
recognition the vaster damage to commerce driven from the ocean,
and that other damage, immense and infinite, caused by the
prolongation of the war, all of which may be called NATIONAL in
contradistinction to INDIVIDUAL." Losses to commerce he reckoned
at $110,000,000, adding that this amount must be considered only