| Bacon proposed to the European
| culture an alternative view of
| science. For him science had a
| public, democratic, and collaborative
| character, individual efforts
| contributing to its general success.
| In science, as Bacon conceives it,
| truly effective results (not the
| illusory achievements of magicians
| and alchemists) can be attained only
| through collaboration among
| researchers, circulation of results,
| and clarity of language. Scientific
| understanding is not an individual
| undertaking. The extension of man's
| power over nature is never the work
| of a single investigator who keeps
| his results secret, but is the fruit
| of an organized community financed by
| the state or by public bodies. Every
| reform of learning is always a reform
| also of cultural institutions and
| universities.
|
| Not only a new image of science, but
| also a new portrait of the "natural
| philosopher" took shape in Bacon's
| writings. This portrait differed both
| from that of the ancient philosopher
| or sage and from the image of the